Everything You Need to Know About Strokes

What Is a Stroke?

A stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), is a medical condition that occurs when there is a disruption in the blood flow to the brain. This disruption can be caused by various factors, resulting in damage to brain cells. Strokes can be classified into two main types:

1. Ischemic Stroke: This type of stroke occurs when a blood clot or plaque buildup narrows or blocks a blood vessel, cutting off the blood supply to a part of the brain. Ischemic strokes are the most common, accounting for about 85% of all strokes.
2. Haemorrhagic Stroke: Haemorrhagic strokes happen when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding into the surrounding brain tissue. Although less common than ischemic strokes, they tend to be more severe. These types of strokes do not always present with the classic signs, patients often present with agitation, reduced level of consciousness or completely unconscious and vomiting.

Causes of Strokes

Understanding the underlying causes of strokes is crucial for prevention. Here are some common risk factors and causes:

1. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): High blood pressure is a significant risk factor for strokes, as it can damage blood vessels over time, making them more prone to rupture or blockage.
2. Smoking: Tobacco use increases the risk of stroke by damaging blood vessels and promoting clot formation.
3. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at a higher risk of developing blood vessel problems that can lead to strokes.
4. High Cholesterol: Elevated cholesterol levels can lead to the build-up of plaque in blood vessels, increasing the risk of blockages.
5. Atrial Fibrillation: This irregular heart rhythm can cause blood clots to form in the heart, which can then travel to the brain and cause an ischemic stroke.
6. Obesity: Being overweight or obese is associated with an increased risk of stroke, as it often leads to other risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes.
7. Family History: A family history of stroke or certain genetic factors can elevate an individual’s risk.

Signs and Symptoms of Strokes

Recognizing the signs and symptoms of a stroke is crucial for seeking prompt medical attention. The acronym “FAST” can help you remember the key signs:

1. Face Drooping: One side of the face may droop or become numb. Ask the person to smile, and check if their smile is uneven.
2. Arm Weakness: One arm may become weak or numb. Ask the person to raise both arms, and see if one arm drifts downward.
3. Speech Difficulty: Speech may be slurred or garbled. Ask the person to repeat a simple sentence, and observe if they have trouble speaking or understanding.
4. Time to Call 000: If you notice any of these signs, it’s crucial to call 000 immediately. Time is of the essence in stroke treatment, and early intervention can significantly improve outcomes.

Other common symptoms of stroke may include:

• Sudden severe headache.
• Trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or coordination.
• Sudden vision problems in one or both eyes.

What to Do When You See Someone Having a Stroke

If you suspect someone is having a stroke, follow these essential steps:

1. Call 000: Dial emergency services immediately. The sooner medical professionals arrive, the better the chances of a positive outcome. Paramedics will know the signs and ensure the patient is taken to the correct facility. They will also alert the hospital before they arrive so the neurologist is on standby.
2. Note the Time: Make a mental note of when the symptoms began. This information will help healthcare providers determine the appropriate treatment.
3. Stay Calm: Keep the person as calm as possible. Reassure them that help is on the way.
4. Do Not Give Medications: Avoid giving the person any medications, including aspirin, as the type of stroke (ischemic or haemorrhagic) will dictate the appropriate treatment.
5. Keep the Person Comfortable: Help the person sit down or lie down with their head slightly elevated.

Conclusion

Strokes are serious medical emergencies that require immediate attention. Understanding the causes, recognizing the signs and symptoms, and knowing what to do when someone is having a stroke can make a significant difference in their recovery and quality of life. By staying informed and acting swiftly, we can help reduce the devastating impact of strokes and potentially save lives.